biology

1 the diagram shows a stage micrometer scale viewed with an eyepiece graticule, using a
magnification of x200.
using the same magnification, a chloroplast is measured as 4 eyepiece graticule divisions long.
how long is the chloroplast?
a 1.0 x 10' um
b 4.0x 107m
c 25x10'pum
d 2.5x107um

2 which range of cell diameters is typical for prokaryotic cells?
a 1tnmto5~x10?nm
b 1x 10°nm to 5um
c 1x10'umto5 x 10? um
d 1x 10?um to 5 x 10° um

3 the diagram shows a typical animal cell.
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3
where would nucleic acids be found?
a 1,2and3 b 1dand2only c t1and3only d = 2and3only

4 which structure is found in a typical bacterial cell?
a intron
b_ telomere
c_ template strand
d_ capsid

5 what is the maximum number of hydrogen bonds that can form between a single water molecule
and other water molecules?
a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4

6 the diagrams show the structure of four amino acids in aqueous solution.
coo- coo-
7 i
h—c. h,n*—-ch,—ch,—ch,—ch,—c.
inve inve
nth, 4 nth
glycine lysine
cooo- (e) cooo-
i \ 7
ch,—c, c—ch,—c.
[spaces vi in.
h 3 oo h n h,
alanine aspartate
which two structures have an overall charge?
a alanine and aspartate
b alanine and glycine
c_ aspartate and lysine
d glycine and lysine

7 the table shows the number of carbon atoms and the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in
molecules of three triglycerides and the fatty acids they contain.
the information is shown in the format ‘number of carbon atoms:number of carbon-carbon
double bonds’.
54:1 15:0 18:0 18:1
56:4 17:0 x 18:2
57:3 18:0 18:1 18:2
which description matches fatty acid 2 of the 56 : 4 triglyceride, identified in the table as x?
a saturated with 17 carbon atoms
b _ saturated with 18 carbon atoms
c_ unsaturated with 17 carbon atoms
d_ unsaturated with 18 carbon atoms

8 collagen molecules are made up of three polypeptide chains interacting together. the individual
polypeptide chains consist of a regular pattern of amino acids. almost every third amino acid is
glycine.

which protein structures of collagen are described?
a primary and secondary

b primary and quaternary

c_ secondary and tertiary

d tertiary and quaternary

9 the masses of the parts of haemoglobin are shown in the table.
a-globin chain 15126
b-globin chain 15868
haem group 617
there are 1000 da in 1 kda.
what is the mass of a haemoglobin molecule in kda?
a 31.6 b 33.5 c 62.6 d 64.5

10 what is the correct order of locations in the cell for the production of an extracellular enzyme?
a nucleus — ribosome —> rough endoplasmic reticulum — golgi body
b_ ribosome > nucleus > golgi body > rough endoplasmic reticulum
c_ ribosome > rough endoplasmic reticulum — nucleus + golgi body
d_ rough endoplasmic reticulum — nucleus — golgi body > ribosome

11 the graph shows the trend from an enzyme-catalysed reaction.
\
x
which labels are correct for the x-axis and y-axis?
ee
a rate of reaction substrate concentration
b enzyme concentration temperature
cc ph rate of reaction
d substrate concentration ph

12 which statements about the michaelis-menten constant (k,) are correct?
1 the higher the km, the higher the enzyme affinity for the substrate.
2 kmisameasure of the degree of enzyme affinity for the substrate.
3 km is defined as the substrate concentration at which the enzyme functions at half
its maximum rate.
a 1,2and3 b 1tand2only c 1and3only d = 2and3only

13 the diagram shows how nicotine is transported from the blood plasma into a cell using a type of
cotransporter mechanism.
protons move down their
concentration gradient
blood out of the cell
plasma
cell surface
membrane
cytoplasm, ye!”
of the cell nicotine is transported cotransporter protein
against its concentration
gradient into the cell
in the phloem tissue, there is a cotransporter mechanism that moves sucrose into the cytoplasm
of a companion cell.
which statement correctly describes a similarity between the cotransport of nicotine and the
cotransport of sucrose?
a_ the cotransporter proteins generate a proton gradient by moving protons out of the cell by
active transport.
b_ the protons are transported through the cotransporter proteins by facilitated diffusion.
c the protons move through the cotransporter proteins in the opposite direction to the
movement of nicotine and sucrose.
d_ the cotransporter proteins use energy from atp to transport protons with nicotine and
sucrose.

14 the diagram shows a simple metabolic pathway.
wo>x>y>z

the letters w, x, y and z represent four different substances. at each step in the diagram the
substrate undergoes a chemical reaction catalysed by an enzyme. the reaction produces the
next substance in the pathway.
which statements correctly describe the enzymes taking part in this metabolic pathway?

1 they are all globular proteins.

2 they all have the same tertiary structure.

3 they all contain hydrogen atoms in their structure.
a 1,2and3 b 1dand2only c t1and3only d 2only

15 a student observed the effect of two different concentrations of salt solution on blood cells.
the student added each concentration of salt solution to one of two microscope slides, and then
a small drop of fresh blood was added.
each slide was viewed using the high power lens of a microscope and the student’s observations
were recorded.
slide 1 no red blood cells were visible.
slide 2 the red blood cells were visible but looked slightly crinkled.
which row correctly explains the results obtained?
slide 1 slide 2
a swelling of the cells the ¥ of the cell was
caused them all to burst. more negative than the ¥
of the external solution.
b the ¥ of the cell was the of the external solution | key
more negative than the y was more negative than the y | ‘y = water potential
of the external solution. of the cell.
cc the '¥ of the cell was there is a net movement of
less negative than the ¥ water out of the cell by osmosis.
of the external solution.
d the ¥ of the external solution the '¥ of the cell was very
was less negative than the ‘y similar to, but slightly
of the cell. more negative than, the vv
of the external solution.

16 which statement correctly describes facilitated diffusion?

a_ the process only occurs using channel proteins that change shape and that use energy
provided by the cell.

b_ the process occurs using channel proteins or carrier proteins that may or may not change
shape.

c_ the process occurs using channel proteins or carrier proteins that use energy provided by
the cell.

d_ the process only occurs using carrier proteins that create a gradient to move ions in
opposite directions.

17 which row is correct for stem cells?
[ [omen
formation of phagocytes
a yes no
b yes yes
cc no no
d no yes

18 eukaryotic organisms grow and increase in size as a result of cell division. the diagram shows
some stages of mitosis with one stage missing, labelled x.
ht
what happens in stage x?
a_ spindle fibres attach to the centromeres and the chromosomes line up along the equator.
b_ the chromatin coils and condenses and the nuclear membrane disintegrates.
c_ the chromosomes line up in pairs along the equator of the cell.
d_ microtubules shorten so that spindle fibres contract and the centromeres divide.

19 the graphs show various distance measurements taken from the start of metaphase of mitosis.
the graphs are to scale when compared to one another.
x
distance
time
¥
distance /
time
which row correctly identifies the distance measurement for each graph?
ee ee
a distance between distance of centromeres
poles of spindle from poles of spindle
b distance between distance between
poles of spindle sister chromatids
cc distance of centromeres distance between
from poles of spindle sister chromatids
d distance of centromeres distance between
from poles of spindle poles of spindle

20 which row is correct for the start of anaphase of mitosis?
dna is associated state of the
form of dna with histone cell surface
proteins membrane
a chromosomes always broken apart
b chromosomes sometimes intact
cc separated sister chromatids always intact
d separated sister chromatids sometimes broken apart

21 the diagrams show the chemical structure of four bases.
i |
c ze, ch;
ys a
p~c7 sn hn cc
ee | lo,
in a ai ai
h h
1 2
ike oo
|
i oo
cc cc
h h
3 4
which diagrams show thymine and cytosine?
a iand2 b 1and4 c 2and3 d 3and4

22 the diagram shows the nucleotide sequence of a small section of the transcribed strand of a
gene.
cgg gcc ccg cgg
the table shows the amino acids coded for by 10 mrna codons.
aag lys
acg thr
cgg cgc cgu arg
ccg pro
gcc gcg ala
ggc gly
ugc cys
what is the sequence of the four amino acids in the polypeptide translated from this small section
of a gene?
a ala-ala-cys-ala
b_ala-arg-gly-ala
c_ arg-ala-pro-arg
d arg-arg-thr-arg

23 what does the process of translation require?
a_ dna, free nucleotide bases and mrna
b_ dna, mrna, amino acids and rna polymerase
c mrna, ribosomes and rna polymerase
d- mrna, ribosomes, amino acids and trna

24 the electron micrograph shows a longitudinal section of part of the stem of a plant.
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what is the name of the structure labelled x?
a companion cell
b_ casparian strip
c_ phloem sieve tube element
d_ xylem vessel element

25 which substance makes xylem vessel walls impermeable to water?
a cellulose
b lignin
c _ suberin
d_ collagen

26 the following tissues carry an electrical impulse during the cardiac cycle.
1 atrioventricular node
2 muscle wall of atria
3. purkyne tissue
4 — sinoatrial node
in which order does the electrical impulse travel during the cardiac cycle?
a 15253 >4
b 1545253
c 4525153
d 452531

27 the graph shows changes in the volume of the ventricles during a single cardiac cycle.
atrial | ventricular diastole i
systole | systole 1 1
volume of
ventricles r
/arbitrary ’ \ !
units
nr
time
which row is correct for the atrioventricular valve at p and for the semilunar valve at r?
atrioventricular semilunar
valve at p valve atr
a closes closes
b closes opens
cc opens closes
d opens opens

28 the graph shows how changes in oxygen concentration affect the percentage oxygen saturation
of human haemoglobin and cat haemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide was kept constant at 5.0kpa and the temperature was kept constant
at 37°c.

100 human
eee cat
percentage #
saturation of 7
haemoglobin a
with oxygen ra
ga
partial pressure of oxygen
which conclusion is supported by the graph?
a the affinity of cat haemoglobin for oxygen is greater than the affinity of human haemoglobin
for oxygen.
b_ at high partial pressures of oxygen, cat haemoglobin picks up oxygen more easily than
human haemoglobin picks up oxygen.
c_ at low partial pressures of oxygen, oxygen is released more easily from cat haemoglobin
than from human haemoglobin.
d_ the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by the bohr effect is larger for cat
haemoglobin than for human haemoglobin.

29 which statement is correct about how oxygen combines with haemoglobin?

a combining all four oxygen molecules with haemoglobin does not affect the shape of
haemoglobin.

b one oxygen molecule can combine with each haem group of the haemoglobin molecule.

c_ the first oxygen molecule to combine with haemoglobin does not affect the shape of
haemoglobin.

d_ the third oxygen molecule to combine with haemoglobin makes it more difficult for the fourth
oxygen molecule to combine with haemoglobin.

30 how are alveoli adapted to their function?
a_ they contain squamous epithelium for a short diffusion distance.
b_ they contain goblet cells to produce mucus.
c_ they contain ciliated epithelium to move mucus.
d_ they contain cartilage to prevent alveolar collapse.

31 the diagram shows oxygen diffusing from the space inside an alveolus into the blood through the
gaseous exchange surface.
thickness of alveolar
wall and capillary
endothelium
rca
ww x
oxygen oxygen
concentration concentration
in the blood inside the
alveolus
oxygen
ae
¥
what would increase the rate of diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus to the blood?
a ww xx ¥
b ww ¥ x
cc y xx ww
d xx y ww

32 which tissues are present in a bronchus?
: ciliated smooth
cartilage penne
epithelium muscle
a jv jv v key
b v v x / = present
cc v x v x = not present
d x v v

33 steep concentration gradients must be maintained for efficient gaseous exchange to occur in
the human lungs.
which row correctly describes how steep concentration gradients can be maintained?
elastic fibres in the walls continual supply of
of the alveoli recoil deoxygenated blood by
when breathing out the pulmonary artery
a jv jv key
b x v v= helps maintain
cc v x x = does not help maintain
d x x

34 ascientist investigated the effect of an antibiotic on the treatment of cholera.
320 people with cholera were divided into two groups. one group was treated with the antibiotic
while the other group was not given the antibiotic. both groups were given fluids containing
sugars and mineral salts (oral rehydration therapy).
the scientist recorded the number of days that each person had diarrhoea.
the table shows the results.
mean time person had
treatment :
diarrhoea/days
antibiotic and oral rehydration therapy 32
oral rehydration therapy 53
what is the percentage decrease in the mean time that a person had diarrhoea when they were
treated with the antibiotic?
a 39.6% b 60.4% c 165.6% d 252.4%

35 how does the antibiotic penicillin affect the metabolism of a bacterial cell?
a penicillin reduces cell growth by preventing water uptake.
b_ penicillin inhibits the formation of cross-links in the cell wall between peptidoglycan
molecules.
c_ penicillin inhibits the hydrolysis of peptidoglycan links in the cell wall during cell extension.
d_ penicillin weakens the cell wall by digesting peptidoglycan molecules.

36 scientists studied the multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in children caused by one type of
bacteria between 2007 and 2015. the percentage of multidrug-resistant infections rose from
0.2% to 1.5%.

what was the percentage increase in multidrug-resistant infections between 2007 and 2015?
a 1.3% b 87% c 130% d 650%

37 whooping cough is a highly infectious disease of the gas exchange system, caused by the
bacterium bordetella pertussis.
which method provides protection to infants against whooping cough and reduces the chance of
developing this disease later?
a ashort course of more than one type of antibiotic
b_asix-month course of one type of antibiotic
c injections of antibodies specific to bordetella pertussis
d injections of antigens from bordetella pertussis bacteria

38 the electron micrograph shows a type of blood cell.
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giles #s.. a e ee ny ms,
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+ vss se ee ee ge) f
+ sss meme.
sss es eee te
es eee ec
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i : a es
os fore - pet ise ,
what can be concluded from the electron micrograph?
a_ the cell secretes products that are toxic to pathogens.
b_ the cell synthesises a large quantity of proteins.
c_ the cell synthesises large quantities of antigens.
d_ the cell digests pathogenic bacteria.

39 why is mitosis important in the immune response?
a it allows b-lymphocytes to produce plasma cells.
b_ it allows b-lymphocytes to synthesise antibodies.
c it allows neutrophils to carry out phagocytosis.
d_ it allows t-lymphocytes to recognise foreign antigens.

40 what is fused with a b-lymphocyte to form a hybridoma cell in monoclonal antibody production?
a antigen
b_ clone
c macrophage
d_ myeloma cell

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