economics

1. what is a free good?
a_ free samples of a new product
b health services provided by the state
c second-hand clothing
d © sunlight

2 a firm is deciding whether to produce good x or good y for the next five years. the predicted
revenue for good x is $20000 per year and for good y is $18000 per year.
what is the opportunity cost of producing good x?
a $18000 b  $20000 cc $90000 d $100000

3. the diagram shows a production possibility curve (ppc) for an economy.
good y
m
n
oo good x

what is the reason for the economy moving from point m to point n?

a_ decreased unemployment in industries producing good x

b_ improvement in technology used to produce good x

c increased productivity of workers producing good x

d_ increased resource allocation to the production of good x

4 what is not held constant when drawing a demand curve for a good or service?
a consumers’ incomes
b tastes and preferences
c the price of substitutes
d the price of the good or service

5 the diagram shows a shift in the supply curve for new zealand’s airlines from s, to sp.
s;
price ya
o quantity
what is the most likely cause of this shift?
a adecrease in the costs of new zealand’s airlines
b adecrease in the number of people wanting to fly to new zealand
c_anincrease in the price of train and bus travel in new zealand
d_anincrease in the tax on air travel in new zealand

6 what could cause the price of tea to increase?
a decrease in the demand for tea
b_ decrease in the price of a substitute good
c increase in the price of a substitute good
d increase in the supply of tea

7 a firm changes the price of its product and finds that its revenue increases.
which combination of price change and price elasticity of demand would have caused this?
; price elasticity

| | piige of demand
a falls between 0 and 1
b falls equal to 1
cc rises between 0 and 1
d rises greater than 1

8 what could not occur in a market economic system?
a amonopolist supplying specialist goods to the market
b_ excessive pollution created by power stations
c governments setting minimum wages to relieve poverty
d private ownership of firms making defence equipment

9 what is a correct definition of a demerit good?
a agood which generates external benefits
ba good with higher private costs than social costs
c  agood which is more harmful to consumers than they realise
d  agood which provides no costs to third parties

10 within the same firm, one employee is paid a higher wage than another employee.
which reason for the difference in their wage could be considered discrimination?
a they are of different ages.
b_ they have different levels of education.
c_ they have different levels of productivity.
d_ they have different levels of work experience.

11. the diagram shows the demand and supply curve of labour for a firm. the initial wage rate is given
by w, and the equilibrium quantity of labour employed is lo.
a trade union that represents all of the workers negotiates a rise in wage rate to w,.
wage ss
rate
| of |
o ly ky b
quantity of labour
what is the amount of unemployment that results from this wage rise?
a ol, b_ lol. c lyk d ll,

12 a farmer introduces machinery to help workers at harvest time. the farmer also reduces the number
of workers by 50%. as a result, the total harvest increases by 25%.
what has happened?
a labour productivity has decreased and production has decreased.
b labour productivity has decreased and production has increased.
c labour productivity has increased and production has decreased.
d labour productivity has increased and production has increased.

13 a firm has fixed costs of $20 and the following total variable costs.
what happens to average total cost over this output range?
a it falls continuously.
b it falls then rises.
c it rises continuously.
d_itrises then falls.

14 the table shows the costs and output of a firm.
total cost $10000
total variable cost $8000
what is the average fixed cost of the firm?
a $200 b $800 cc $1000 d $2000

15 aclothing manufacturer expands by taking over a clothing retailer.
which type of merger is this?
a __ backward vertical
b_ conglomerate
c forward vertical
d horizontal

16 what is likely to happen if a previously competitive market becomes a monopoly?
barriers to economies | the size of
entry of scale the firm
a decrease decrease increases
b decrease increase decreases
c increase decrease decreases
d increase increase increases

17 which macroeconomic aim, if achieved, is most likely to increase a government budget surplus?
a full employment
b income redistribution
c low inflation
d balance of payments stability

18 the table shows the income tax rate paid by workers at different levels of income in selected years
for a developed economy.
0 to 4999 0 0
5000 to 9999 10 0
10000 to 19999 20 10
20000 to 29999 30 30
30000 to 49999 40 50
50000+ 40 60
what is most likely to have been the economic objective of the government in changing the tax
rates between year 1 and year 2?
a to reduce a current account deficit
b__ to reduce income inequality
c to reduce inflation
d_ to reduce structural unemployment

19 a government attempts to raise economic growth with a policy of reduced interest rates.
which other government objective is most likely to be helped in the short run?
a lower unemployment
b _ price stability
c_ reduced income inequality
d_ reduced trade deficit

20 what is the definition of a supply-side policy?
a any policy designed to decrease inflation
b_ any policy designed to decrease unemployment
c any policy designed to increase imports
dany policy designed to increase productivity

21 subsistence farming is the practice of growing crops and raising livestock sufficient only for one’s
own use without any surplus for trade.
why is it difficult for a government to measure economic growth in an economy based on subsistence
farming?
a farmers’ families consume most of their own produce.
b_ farmers have low rates of saving.
c_ the size of harvest is dependent on the weather.
d_ the surplus produce is sold to the government.

22 what is necessary for a worker to be classified as unemployed?
the worker does |_ the worker is the werker all
‘ accept the
not have a paid prepared to
' current wage
job work
rate
a yes no no
b yes no yes
c yes yes no
d yes yes yes

23 what is most likely to increase when the rate of inflation gradually changes from 2% to 8% in one
year?
a the cost of updating existing price lists
b _ the level of business confidence
c the real income of fixed-income earners
d_ the real value of consumer debt

24 the introduction of a minimum hourly wage in an industry aims to reduce poverty among low-paid
workers.
what is an advantage to workers of an effective national minimum wage?
a_ all workers get paid according to their level of productivity.
b_ firms may look to increase capital equipment rather than labour.
c_ levels of employment become more dependent on wage differences.
d_ redistribution of a firm’s income rewards labour rather than owners.

25 the chart shows the population pyramid for a country.
age
female group male
81-90
71-80
61-70
51-60
41-50
31-40
21-30
11-20
0-10
6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6
population / millions
what is most likely to cause the population pyramid to be shaped in this way?
|| birth rate death rate

a low low

b low high

c high low

d high high

26 the table shows information on four countries.
which country is likely to be the most developed?
epulation gross domestic life
p siac product (gdp) expectancy
( ) ($ billion) (years)
a 100 800 51
b 200 6000 62
cc 300 600 48
d 1000 1600 63

27 what is an advantage to a firm of specialisation at a national level?
a dependency on supplies from other countries
b_ greater competition from overseas firms
c greater depletion of the country’s natural resources
d lower average costs due to economies of scale

28 what is an intended outcome of protecting infant industries from free trade?
a_ to decrease the competitiveness of domestic firms
b_ to decrease the demand for exported goods
c to increase employment in domestic firms
d to increase the supply of imported goods

29 in the diagram, curves d, and s, relate to the demand and supply of the us dollar ($) against
the chinese yuan.
price of $
(in yuan) ss,
pj perenne ena
ca
d
dd,
a quantity
what is most likely to cause the demand curve for us dollars to shift from d, to d,?
a _afall in chinese interest rates
b a fall in us interest rates
c a faster growth rate in the us economy
d_ areduction in the us government budget deficit

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