economics

1. what has an opportunity cost in consumption?
a air
b_ food
c sea water
d ~ sunlight

2 inwhich case is it possible to set the level of reward before production takes place for the first factor
of production but not for the second factor?
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a capital land
b enterprise labour
cc labour capital
d land enterprise

3 the diagram shows the production possibility curve (ppc) for an economy.
capital x
goods
y’
fe) consumer goods

which cost can be determined as the economy moves along its ppc from point x to point y?
a __ the opportunity cost of producing more capital goods
b__ the opportunity cost of producing more consumer goods
c the social cost of producing more capital goods
d the social cost of producing more consumer goods

4 which person is most likely to make a microeconomic decision as part of their job?
a agovernment finance minister
b _ the global administrator of the human development index
c__ the governor of the central bank
d_ the manager of a private sector firm

5 what necessarily describes the market system?
a all resources used to produce consumer goods
b aneconomy with both a private and a public sector
c limited resources but unlimited wants
d_ resources allocated through demand and supply

6 the diagram shows the demand for and supply of a product. the original equilibrium is at x.
which point indicates the new equilibrium position if there is an increase in the price of a close
substitute for the product while other things remain the same?

‘ s,
price s,
b s c ss;
; d,
d,;
0 quantity

7 a firm has the following supply schedule.
rg) quantity supplied
5 10
10 20
what is the price elasticity of supply of the good as the price increases from $5 to $10?
a -0.5 b +0.5 c +1.0 d +2.0

8 why does a government provide certain goods and services in a mixed economic system?
a_ the government always provides goods more cheaply than private firms.
b the government considers only private costs and private benefits.
c_ the government provides goods to prevent the development of monopolies.
d_ the government provides public goods because private firms cannot charge for them.

9 agovernment intends to subsidise bus fares and increase taxes on private motoring.
how would this affect the private cost of transport?
‘ for bus
for motorists
passengers
a decrease decrease
b decrease increase
cc increase decrease
d increase increase

10 what is not a function of money?
a medium of exchange
b _ portability
c - store of value
dunit of account

11 bus drivers receive a wage of $15 000 a year. the government introduces a national minimum
wage.
under which circumstances will the largest number of bus drivers become unemployed as a result
of the minimum wage?
national minimum
ane (par year) demand for
9 $ y bus travel
a 15000 increasing
b 15000 unchanged
cc 18000 increasing
d 18000 unchanged

12 aclothes retailer borrows money to finance the opening of another clothes shop.
which type of growth is this?
a _ internal and horizontal
b _ internal and vertical
c_ external and horizontal
d external and vertical

13 what is meant by internal diseconomies of scale?
a average cost for the firm decreases when the output of the firm increases
b_ average cost for the firm decreases when the output of the industry increases
c_ average cost for the firm increases when the output of the firm increases
d_ average cost for the firm increases when the output of the industry increases

14 a food-processing firm decides to change from a labour-intensive production method to a
capital-intensive production method.
what is likely to decrease as a result of the change?
a fixed costs as a percentage of total cost
b output per worker per hour
c the level of total output
d_ variable costs as a percentage of total cost

15 what is an example of a fixed cost?
a electricity
b insurance
craw materials
d wages

16 what is the definition of profit maximisation?
a the firm is allocating a proportion of profit to other business objectives.
b_ the firm is making as much profit as possible.
c_ the firm is making higher levels of profit this year than last year.
d_ the firm is making the same amount of profit this year as last year.

17 the central bank of mexico set its rate of interest to try to keep the rise in the price level to only
3%.
which government aim was it directly trying to achieve?
a balance of payments equilibrium
b_ economic growth
c full employment
d low inflation

18 the table shows a forecast for a government budget for year 1 and for year 2.

| year 1 $bn year 2 $bn
revenue 50 55
spending 60 60

what does the forecast government budget for year 2 show?

a_ the budget deficit decreased when compared with year 1.

b_ the budget deficit increased when compared with year 1.

c_ the budget surplus decreased when compared with year 1.

d_ the budget surplus increased when compared with year 1.

19 the graph shows the impact of a tax on the supply of petrol (gas).
d s,
price
s,
oo quantity
what can be concluded from this graph?
a_ the government will receive no tax revenue.
b_ the impact of the tax will be shared between the consumer and the producer.
c_ the impact of the tax will fall entirely upon the consumer.
d_ the impact of the tax will fall entirely on the producer.

20 what is most likely to result from a successful supply-side policy?
a adeterioration in the current account of the balance of payments
b- economic growth
c increased inflation
d_ increased structural unemployment

21 the table shows the rates of unemployment and real gdp growth for an economy in year 1 and
year 2.
veer pier |
rate of 3 7
unemployment (%)
rate of real gdp 3 -1
growth (%)
which combination of policy measures would be most effective in returning the economy to the
year 1 level of activity?
a adecrease in direct taxes and an increase in the rate of interest
b_ adecrease in government expenditure and an increase in the rate of interest
c_anincrease in direct taxes and a decrease in the rate of interest
dan increase in government expenditure and a decrease in the rate of interest

22 the table shows selected indicators for the labour market of an economy in year 1 and year 2.
year 1 year 2
(millions) (millions)

total labour force 30 30
employed workers 25 28
long-term unemployed 1 2
employment in manufacturing 4 2
employment in services 13 16

according to the table, what is the most likely type of unemployment in year 2?

a cyclical

b frictional

c seasonal

d © structural

23 the table shows the percentage changes in earnings and consumer prices for four countries in
one year.
which country has experienced the greatest increase in real income during the year?
earnings consumer prices
(% change) (% change)

a +12.5 +9.5

b +4.0 +2.0

c +8.5 +5.0

d +4.0 +4.0

24 the table shows the distribution of income as measured by gdp for three countries in a year.
percentage of gdp received by each 20% of households
: é second ; é second 5
highest 20% highest 20% middle 20% lowest 20% lowest 20%
belgium 36.4 22.4 18.0 14.3 8.9
mexico 51.7 20.0 13.5 9.4 5.4
us 46.9 22.4 15.3 10.3 5.1
what can be concluded from the table?
a_ the lowest 20% of households in the us have lower incomes than the lowest 20% of
households in mexico.
b_ the lowest 40% of households in belgium receive a larger share of the country’s income
than the highest 20% of households.
c_ the distribution of income is most equal in belgium.
d_ the highest 20% of households in the us receive half of the country’s income.

25 the number of people in relative poverty in a country is decreasing.
what is the most likely cause of this?
a acontractionary fiscal policy
ba decrease in the national minimum wage
c_ anexpansion of investment in education
d_anincrease in barriers to entry for multinational companies

26 african economies may have rapid economic growth because of a large increase in their working
age population.
based on this idea, which factor of production is most likely to grow significantly?
a labour
b_ enterprise
cc. capital
d land

27 which statement shows two benefits for consumers from specialisation at a national level?
a decreased prices and better quality
b_ decreased profits and high-quality raw materials
c increased choice and high transport costs
d_ increased productivity and increased economies of scale

28 a multinational company (mnc) opens up a new factory in a host country.
what is a possible cost of this new factory to the host country?
a _ increased access to modern technology
b_ increased competition for host-country industries
c_ increased employment for workers
d increased tax revenue for the government

29 the diagram shows the change in the exchange rate market for country x’s $.
ss
exchange
rate
d
bb, “2
o
quantity of $
which change in country x would have caused this?
a afall in its international competitiveness
b a fall in its level of interest rates
c arise in its exports of services
d arise in its imports of goods

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